Download presentation water-soluble vitamins for pharmacy. Presentation on the topic: Water-soluble vitamins
Where can you find them? Thiamine (B1) - yeast, sprouted wheat, nuts, legumes, milk. Riboflavin (B2) - liver, meat, green vegetables, eggs. B12 - raw liver, meat, fish, milk. Ascorbic acid (C) - citrus fruits, currants, fresh vegetables, milk. Much is lost in cooking. Antipellagric (PP) - meat, liver, kidneys of large cattle, wheat, buckwheat.
Meaning. B1-important for the oxidation of glucose in the body in order to release energy. Important for growth, activity of nerve cells and muscles. Absence leads to beriberi disease with muscle atrophy, partial loss of sensation, loss of appetite, swelling of the limbs. B2 is essential for metabolism. The absence leads to diseases of the eyes, tongue, and oral cavity.
B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells. C- necessary for the health of bones, teeth, blood vessels. The absence leads to scurvy, which is characterized by weak, bleeding gums. PP-if a person receives an insufficient dose of this vitamin. He falls ill with pellagra, which causes severe disorders nervous system, intestines.
Water-soluble vitamins CHEMISTRY 10 CLASS Khairova E., Aleksanyan A., 10 class
Definition Classification Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C B Vitamins Acquisition Conclusion Contents
Vitamins A group of low molecular weight organic compounds with a relatively simple structure and diverse chemical nature. This group organic matter, united on the basis of their absolute necessity for a heterotrophic organism as an integral part of food.
Classification of vitamins Water soluble C PP Group B Fat soluble A D E K
Vitamin C A scorbic acid (vitamin C) is a sour-tasting substance, in aqueous solution dissociates into the H+ cation and changes the color of the indicator.
B vitamins
Vitamin B3, PP (Nicotinic acid) Represents white needle crystals without smell, sour taste; very stable in external environment. Functions: release energy from all nutrients containing calories; synthesis of proteins and fats Contained in buckwheat, peas, meat, sprouted grains and brewer's yeast, nuts, egg yolk, milk, fish, chicken, legumes.
Vitamin Name Functions food sources B1 Thiamine Conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into energy Grains of cereals, green pea, in buckwheat and oatmeal B2 Riboflavin Participates in all types of metabolic processes Chicken eggs, liver, kidneys, almonds, mushrooms, broccoli, meat, peeled rice B5 Pantothenic Acid Energy release; formation of cholesterol Peas, hazelnuts, milk, fish roe B6 Pyridoxine Processes of carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of hemoglobin and polyunsaturated fatty acids Potatoes, carrots, berries, meat and dairy products B12 Cyanocobalamin Formation of erythrocytes; growth and activity of the nervous system Animal products: liver, egg yolk, dairy products
Getting Vitamins are supplied in the body with food or they are prescribed in the form medicines under certain pathological processes. For example, riboflavin, or vitamin B2, is found in the cells of various microorganisms. Therefore, bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi can be riboflavin producers.
There are 40 large industrial manufacturers of vitamins in the world; 18 of them - in the USA, 8 - in Japan, 14 - in Western Europe. The leading place in the production of vitamins is occupied by the Swiss concern Hoffman La Roche, which produces 50-70% of all vitamins from world European production.
All animals and plants need almost all known vitamins, and therefore plants, as well as some animals, have the ability to synthesize certain vitamins. The source of vitamins for humans are food products plant and animal origin.
Thank you for your attention!
Slide 2: Basic concepts:
Vitamins are micronutrients (necessary in trace amounts for humans and most heterotrophic organisms) of a diverse chemical nature that are of great importance for metabolism (they are part of the active centers of enzymes, are participants in some reactions, perform a signaling or regulatory function) Vitamin-like substances are low molecular weight substances of various chemical nature, similar in biological role to vitamins, but synthesized in a sufficiently large amount in the human body (carnitine, orotic acid, ubiquinone (vitamin U in foreign dietary supplements) Vitamin activity of drugs - measured in mg of the equivalent of the most active form(e.g. isomer, salt or ester) of a vitamin
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Water-soluble vitamins are a group of chemically diverse substances that are more or less soluble in water and alcohol. Not able to accumulate in the body
Slide 4: B1, thiamine, aneurin
Daily requirement -1.5 mg It was first isolated from rice bran by the Polish scientist K. Funk in 1912, and later obtained synthetically. Naturally synthesized by plants and some microorganisms
Slide 5: Sources:
cereals, bran, yeast products and other food products, potatoes, meat, liver, vegetables, legumes, spinach
Slide 6: The biological role of thiamine
Participates in decarboxylation reactions is a coenzyme of some enzymes of the Krebs cycle and the pentose phosphate pathway, that is, it participates in the metabolism of carbohydrates Promotes the conversion of carbohydrates and fats into amino acids (through the α-ketoglutarate of the Krebs cycle)
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Slide 8: B2: riboflavin
Slide 9: Human needs and sources of riboflavin
Daily requirement 1.8 mg Food product Content of riboflavin, mg/100 g of the product: liver and kidneys 2.80-4.66 yeast 2.07-4.0 eggs 0.30-0.80 almonds 0.80 white mushrooms 0.4 mushrooms 0.3 chanterelles 0.3 cottage cheese 0.30-0.50 broccoli 0.3 white cabbage 0.25 buckwheat 0.24 milk 0.13-0.18 meat 0.15-0.17 peeled rice, pasta products, white bread, most fruits and vegetables 0.03-0.05
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Slide 10: Riboflavin is a component of FAD, FMN, oxidoreductases
FAD and FMN are involved in the oxidation of fatty, succinic and other acids; inactivate and oxidize highly toxic aldehydes (including the decay products of ethyl alcohol) break down in the body foreign D-isomers of amino acids formed as a result of the vital activity of bacteria; participate in the synthesis of coenzyme forms of vitamin B 6 maintain glutathione and hemoglobin in a reduced state. Riboflavin is also involved in the regulation of the formation of red blood cells, antibodies, to regulate growth and reproductive functions in the body, maintain skin health
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Slide 11: Riboflavin deficiency
Lesions of the mucous membrane of the lips with vertical cracks and desquamation of the epithelium (cheilosis), ulceration in the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis), swelling and redness of the tongue (glossitis), seborrheic dermatitis on the nasolabial fold, nose wings, ears, eyelids. photophobia, corneal vascularization, conjunctivitis, keratitis, cataract. anemia and nervous disorders, manifested in muscle weakness, burning pain in the legs, etc.
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Slide 12: Folic acid (vitamin B c, pteroylglutamic acid)
Daily requirement: Pregnant women are recommended to consume 600 micrograms, lactating women - 500 micrograms, and everyone else - 400 micrograms of folic equivalent per day. It is synthesized in plants and many microorganisms. Animals should receive with food Contained in green vegetables with leaves, in legumes, in wholemeal bread, yeast, liver, is part of honey.
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Slide 13: The role of folic acid
F. to. stimulates the hematopoietic functions of the body. In animal and plant tissues F. to. in the reduced form (in the form of tetrahydro folic acid and its derivatives) is involved in the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine bases, some amino acids (serine, methionine, histidine), choline, etc. Participates in the methylation of nitrogenous bases of DNA
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Slide 14: Folic acid deficiency
With deficiency - megaloblastic anemia, impaired lipid synthesis and amino acid metabolism
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Slide 15: Nicotinic acid (niacin, vitamin B 3, vitamin PP)
Daily requirement 20 mg Contained in rye bread, pineapple, buckwheat, beans, meat, mushrooms, liver, kidneys. NO TOBACCO SMOKE! Can be synthesized in the intestine by bacterial flora from dietary tryptophan (BUT TRIPLOFAN _ DEFICIENT ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID) In the food industry, it is used as food additive E375
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Slide 16: The role of nicotinic acid
In the body it turns into nicotinamide (a component of NAD and NADP) Normalizes the concentration of blood lipoproteins; in large doses (3-4 g / day) reduces the concentration of total cholesterol, LDL, increases the content of HDL, which have an anti-atherogenic effect. Expands small vessels (including the brain), improves microcirculation, has a weak anticoagulant effect (increases fibrinolytic activity of the blood). Improves memory, coordination of movements.
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Slide 17: Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5)
a dipeptide consisting of amino acid residues of β-alanine and pantoic acid. Daily requirement 7 mg
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Slide 18: Biological role
Required for the synthesis of coenzyme A Included in most food products
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Slide 19: Vitamin B5 deficiency
The cause of vitamin deficiency can be a low content in food of proteins, fats, vitamin C, other B vitamins, diseases small intestine, and long-term use many antibiotics and sulfonamides. Fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance, increased fatigue, headaches, nausea, muscle pain, burning, tingling, numbness of the toes, burning, excruciating pain in lower limbs, mainly at night, redness of the skin of the feet, dyspeptic disorders, duodenal ulcers
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Slide 20: B6 (general name for three substances: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and their phosphates)
The daily requirement of 2 mg is found in cereal sprouts, in walnuts and hazelnuts, in spinach, potatoes, carrots, cauliflower and white cabbage, tomatoes, strawberries, cherries, oranges and lemons, in meat and dairy products, fish, eggs, cereals and legumes Pyridoxine is less stable and breaks down when heated
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Slide 21: The role of vitamin B6
is a coenzyme of a large number of nitrogen metabolism enzymes (transaminases, amino acid decarboxylases) and other enzymes. pyridoxal phosphate takes part in the formation of red blood cells; participates in the processes of assimilation of glucose by nerve cells; necessary for protein metabolism and amino acid transamination; takes part in the metabolism of fats; has a hypocholesterolemic effect;
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Slide 22: B12
Group of cobalt-containing biologically active substances, called cobalamins: cyanocobalamin (obtained by chemical purification of the vitamin with cyanides), hydroxycobalamin and two coenzymatic forms of vitamin B 12: methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin. Pseudo-vitamin B 12 - substances similar to this vitamin found in some living organisms, for example, in algae of the genus Spirulina Daily requirement 0.002 mg Cyanocobalamin derivatives are involved in the biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine, the synthesis of SH-enzymes Synthesized only by microorganisms Avitaminosis-pernicious anemia
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Slide 23: The importance of vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin derivatives are involved in the biosynthesis of methionine from homocysteine, the synthesis of SH-enzymes. It is synthesized only by microorganisms. The absorption of the vitamin is strongly influenced by the production of the internal factor of Castle by the stomach. Deficiency results in pernicious or megaloblastic anemia.
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Slide 24: Ascorbic acid, vitamin C
The daily requirement is 60-80 mg (according to new data - about 300 mg) At the first signs of SARS, they take " loading doses» Vitamin C - up to 1000 mg Optical isomers of ascorbic acid: 1a - L- ascorbic acid (vitamin C), 2a - L- isoascorbic acid, 1b - D- isoascorbic acid, 2b - D- ascorbic acid
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Slide 25: Sources of Vitamin C
Synthesized by plants (from galactose) and most animals (from glucose), with the exception of primates and some other animals (for example, guinea pigs) that get it from food. The richest fruits in ascorbic acid are kiwi fruits (1 pc - daily requirement), rose hips, red pepper, citrus fruits, black currants, onions, tomatoes, leafy vegetables (for example, lettuce). Different products contain different isomers of ascorbic acid or its compounds, for example, esters, which differ greatly in their vitamin activity and oxidation stability.
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Slide 26: The role of vitamin C
Antioxidant, involved in collagen synthesis, tyrosine metabolism, synthesis of catecholamines and bile acids, serotonin from tryptophan, corticosteroids, restores ubiquinone and vitamin E Participates in spermatogenesis (2 oranges a day - treatment of some forms of male infertility) conversion of cholesterol into bile acids Avitaminosis manifests itself after a few months (atrophy connective tissue, violation of hematopoiesis, bleeding gums)
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Last presentation slide: Water-soluble vitamins: Factors that reduce vitamin C content in cooked food:
The action of nicotine The action of ascorbate oxidase, contained in plant cells and activated when oxygen is available (the finer vegetables are cut, the faster their vitamin C content drops) Heating, long-term storage
Water-soluble vitamins. WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS.
Water Soluble Vitamins
B1 (thiamine). 1911 – K.Funk. Rice bran.With a deficiency (avitaminosis) - violations of activity
nervous system (polyneuritis) and intestinal motility,
muscle and heart weakness, convulsions, reclining
heads.
WATER SOLUBLE
VITAMINS B2 (riboflavin). 1879 Bliss isolated a yellow pigment.
Whey, liver, yeast, malt, lots of fresh
greenery. Orange-yellow crystals. At high temperature
stable, when irradiated with ultraviolet - are destroyed.
In the complete absence of the vitamin - swelling, dermatitis, may
lead to baldness. B3 (pantothenic acid). 1933 Bran, liver, yeast,
potatoes, beets, carrots, milk. Viscous pale yellow
liquid that breaks down when cooked.
With a deficiency, it decreases general exchange substances, early
graying of hair, impaired activity of the adrenal glands. B5 (PP, nicotinamide, anti-pellagric).
Cereals, bran, potatoes, yeast.
With a deficiency - pellagra - skin disorders: inflammation,
peeling, cracks and dark scabs, cramps. B6 (pyridoxine). 1938 Yeast, bran, potatoes, beets,
carrot.
With a deficiency - inflammation of the skin, weakness,
lymphocytopenia, vomiting with mucus, epileptic seizures B12 (cyanocobalamin, antianemic). 1926 – Mino, Murphy
- use raw liver in food has a positive effect on
pernicious anemia. Contains cobalt. Synthesize
intestinal microorganisms.
With a deficiency - pallor of the mucous membranes (anemia), depressed
condition, exhaustion, metabolic disorders.
Activates bone marrow function, stimulates
hematopoietic organs. B15 - pangamic acid. Liver, fruit
stone fruits (apricot), cereals.
Has a vasodilating effect
improves oxygen supply to tissues,
stimulates oxidative processes. Biotin (vitamin H). Cereals, microflora
intestines.
The disadvantage is dermatitis, hair loss. Choline. Bile, mustard seeds. Prevents fatty
degeneration of the liver.
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Deficiency - scurvy
(sorbut) - loosening, bleeding gums, prolapse
teeth.
Found in fresh fruits, vegetables, berries, milk,
wild garlic, needles.
Vitamin P (rutin, permeability vitamin) - yellow-orange plant pigment (citrine of lemons, rutin
buckwheat) - accompanies and enhances the action of vitamin C.
