The city where Shota Rustaveli studied 6 letters. Short biography of Shota Rustaveli

14.12.2022

When exactly the great queen of Georgia Tamar, whom we usually call Tamara in the Russian manner, was born, is unknown. According to historians, this woman was born around 1165.

The mother of the future queen died early, and the girl was brought up by her aunt Rusudan. She received an excellent education for her time, learned women's wisdom, endurance and patience. When Tamar was nineteen years old, her father, Tsar George III, foreseeing his imminent death, crowned his only daughter, giving the throne to a woman for the first time in the history of Georgia.

Soon her father died, and the girl had to rule the country on her own. Tamar did this boldly and fairly, which earned her the respect of her people. The news of the wise young queen spread all over the neighboring states.

Tamar was stately and graceful. Tall, well-built, with dark, deep eyes, she carried herself proudly and with dignity. It was said about the queen that she had the manner of "royally freely throwing her eyes around her, had a pleasant language, was cheerful and alien to any swagger, pleasing to the ear, speech alien to any depravity."

There were various rumors about the perfection of the young queen, Byzantine princes, the Syrian sultan and the Persian shah were looking for her hands. Suitors began to come to Tamar, who offered her their heart and wealth. But she gave her consent only to the son of Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, Yuri. The marriage was dictated by political considerations, since the queen did not have any feelings for the groom. The wedding took place in 1188, but she did not bring peace to the young woman. For two years, Tamar endured drunkenness and depravity of her husband, who, moreover, often beat his young wife. Finally deciding to divorce Yuri, she forced him to leave Georgia. The offended and angry prince went to Constantinople in order to gather a large army and go to war against his wife. However, the war was lost, and Yuri returned to Rus' in disgrace.

The country of the Georgian queen flourished and in a short time became one of the richest powers of that time. There were legends about Tamar, they sang about her beauty, generosity and wisdom. Contemporaries called her the king (“mepe”), and not the queen (“dedopali”). The ruler built fortresses, roads, ships and schools. She invited the best scientists, poets, philosophers, historians and theologians. So one day the great Shota Rustaveli arrived at her palace.

The poet was born in Rustavi and was educated first in the monasteries of Georgia, then in Athens. It is believed that he immediately fell in love with the queen. Some believe that, having responded to the feelings of the poet, Tamar became his mistress. However, judging by other sources, most likely, the poet never achieved reciprocity, loving and honoring his queen in secret.

Shota became the queen's personal treasurer. But it was not financial matters that worried the poet. He wanted to sing his beloved Tamar in a poem. The poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" became one of the most outstanding works of the Middle Ages. In it, the enamored Shota sang the ideals of love, friendship, nobility, honor and virtue. The poet saw all these high qualities in his great ruler.

It is believed that the poet wrote off the prototype of the main character of the poem Nestan-Darejana from his beloved queen. In order to hide his feelings and not bring a shadow of doubt to his beloved, Rustaveli deliberately transferred the action of the poem to India and Arabia. But in each line of the masterpiece, the image of the beautiful, majestic Queen Tamar and the feelings of the unfortunate poet, intoxicated with unrequited love, are guessed.
The pearls of her ruddy lips
under the ruby
Even the stone is broken
with a soft lead hammer!

Braids of the regal - agate,
brighter lalov heat lait.
He drinks nectar
who sees the sun.

Shota RUSTAVELI

It's time for Tamara to think about the heirs. She decided to marry a man who had been trusted and known since childhood. Her second husband was the brave Ossetian prince Soslani, who adopted the name David in Georgia. Noble and infinitely loving his wife, he brought her long-awaited happiness. A year after the wedding, the queen gave birth to a son, who was named George. A year later, the daughter Rusudan was born.

Shota Rustaveli no longer dreamed of Tamara, he decided to leave Georgia forever. He went to Palestine, where he received tonsure in the monastery of the Holy Cross.

Tamara died on January 18, 1212 from a serious illness. She was buried in the family crypt in Gelati. A few centuries later, the crypt was opened, but the remains of the queen were not found there. According to legend, when the great ruler was living out her last days, she asked to hide her burial place from people. Tamar did not want her tomb to be found and desecrated by the Muslims, who, over the long years of struggle, could not defeat the Georgian queen. Apparently, the ashes of Tamar were secretly taken out of the monastery, and no one knows where he rests now.

One way or another, chronicles were found in the Vatican, according to which the Georgian ruler was allegedly buried in Palestine, in the ancient Georgian monastery of the Holy Cross. As if she so passionately desired to visit this monastery, but because of the numerous wars she did not have time to do this, and therefore bequeathed to take her there after her death. Perhaps, in eternity, Tamara wanted to stay with her faithful poet. Rustaveli's death is also shrouded in legends. It is only known for certain that once the headless body of a Georgian poet was found in a small cell of the monastery. The killer was never found.

Many years later, a fresco depicting an old man was discovered in Jerusalem. It is believed that this is the face of the great Georgian poet Shota Rustaveli. Evidence that the Georgian queen Tamara was buried next to him was not found.

After the death of Tamara, Georgia began to quickly lose its power. The years of prosperity changed the difficult years of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, then Turkey seized power over the country.

Now Tamara is canonized as a saint. There are numerous legends about her. In particular, they say that at night she is sick and treats them from serious illnesses.

Original entry and comments on

When exactly the great queen of Georgia Tamar, whom we usually call Tamara in the Russian manner, was born, is unknown. According to historians, this woman was born around 1165.

The mother of the future queen died early, and the girl was brought up by her aunt Rusudan. She received an excellent education for her time, learned women's wisdom, endurance and patience. When Tamar was not even twenty years old, her father, Tsar George III, foreseeing his imminent death, crowned his only daughter, giving the throne to a woman for the first time in the history of Georgia.

Tamar was stately and graceful. Tall, well-built, with dark, deep eyes, she carried herself proudly and with dignity. It was said about the queen that she had the manner of “royally freely throwing her eyes around her, had a pleasant language, was cheerful and alien to any swagger, pleasing to the ear, speech alien to any viciousness.”

There were various rumors about the perfection of the young queen, Byzantine princes, the Syrian sultan and the Persian shah were looking for her hands. Suitors began to come to Tamar, who offered her their heart and wealth. But she gave her consent only to the son of Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky, Yuri. The marriage was dictated by political considerations, since the queen did not have any feelings for the groom. The wedding took place in 1188, but she did not bring peace to the young woman. For two years, Tamar endured drunkenness and depravity of her husband, who, moreover, often beat his young wife. Having finally decided to divorce Yuri, | she forced him to leave Georgia. The offended and angry prince went to Constantinople in order to gather a large army and go to war against his wife. However, the war was lost, and Yuri returned to Rus' in disgrace.

It is believed that the poet wrote off the prototype of the main character of the poem Nestan-Darejana from his beloved queen. In order to hide his feelings and not bring a shadow of doubt to his beloved, Rustaveli deliberately transferred the action of the poem to India and Arabia. But in every line of the masterpiece one can guess the image of the beautiful, majestic Queen Tamar and the feelings of the unfortunate poet, intoxicated with unrequited love.

Pearls of her ruddy lips
under the ruby
Even the stone is broken
with a soft lead hammer!

Braids of the regal - agate,
brighter lalov heat lait.
He drinks nectar
who sees the sun.

Shota RUSTAVELI

Tamar, it's time to think about the heirs. She decided to marry a man who had been trusted and known since childhood. Her second husband was the brave Ossetian prince Soslani, who took the name David in Georgia. Noble and infinitely loving his wife, he brought her long-awaited happiness. A year after the wedding, the queen gave birth to a son, who was named George. A year later, the daughter Rusudan was born.

Shota Rustaveli no longer dreamed of Tamar, he decided to leave Georgia forever. He went to Palestine, where he received tonsure in the monastery of the Holy Cross.

Tamar died on January 18, 1212 from a serious illness. She was buried in the family crypt in Gelati. A few centuries later, the crypt was opened, but the remains of the queen were not found there. According to legend, when the great ruler lived out her last days, she asked to hide her burial place from people. Tamar did not want her tomb to be found and desecrated by the Muslims, who, over many years of struggle, could not defeat the Georgian queen. Apparently, the ashes of Tamar were secretly taken out of the monastery, and no one knows where he rests now.

Rustaveli's death is also shrouded in legends. It is only known for certain that once the headless body of a Georgian poet was found in a small cell of the monastery. The killer was never found.

After the death of Tamar, Georgia began to quickly lose its power. Years of prosperity gave way to the difficult years of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, then Turkey seized power over the country.

Now Tamar is canonized as a saint. There are numerous legends about her. In particular, they say that at night she is sick and treats them from serious illnesses.

Shota Rustaveli (Georgian შოთა რუსთაველი, circa 1172-1216) was a Georgian statesman and poet of the 12th century, author of the textbook epic poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin.

Biographical information about the poet is extremely scarce. He apparently received the nickname "Rustaveli" from the place of his birth in the village of Rustavi.

There were several geographical points with the name Rustavi in that era. According to some information, the poet belonged to a famous family and was the owner of the Rustavi Majorate.

Some data regarding the personality of Rustaveli can be gleaned from the introduction to his poem, which indicates that it was written in praise of Queen Tamara. In the final lines of "The Knight..." the poet declares that he is a Meskh.

He studied in Greece, then was the guardian of Queen Tamara (his signature was found on the act of 1190). It was the time of the political power of Georgia and the flourishing of lyric poetry in the magnificent court of the young queen, with signs of medieval knighthood.

Some historical data can be gleaned from the Synodik (commemoration book) of the Cross Monastery in Jerusalem.

A 13th-century entry mentions Shota, naming his position at court.

In the monastery itself there is a fresco portrait (of the first half of the 13th century) of a nobleman in secular clothes, and the inscription there also mentions “Rustaveli”. From this we can conclude that Rustaveli was a dignitary who provided major support to the monastery.

Familiar with poems and philosophy, theology, the beginnings of piitika and rhetoric, Persian and Arabic literature, Rustaveli devoted himself to literary activity and wrote the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", the beauty and pride of Georgian writing. According to one legend, hopelessly in love with his mistress, he ended his life in a monastery cell.

It is reported that Timothy, Metropolitan of Georgia in the 18th century, saw in Jerusalem, in the church of St. Cross, built by the Georgian kings, the grave and portrait of Rustaveli, in the sackcloth of the ascetic.

According to another version, Rustaveli, in love with the queen, marries, however, some Nina and soon after the wedding receives an order from the “lady of ideal worship” to translate into Georgian the literary gift presented to her by the defeated shah.

Brilliantly fulfilling the order, he refuses the reward for his work. A week later, his headless corpse was found. Until now, there are many legends about Rustaveli and his relationship with Queen Tamara.

According to legend, Catholicos John, who during the life of the queen patronized the poet, after that began the persecution of Rustaveli. According to legend, he went to Jerusalem, where he is buried, but these traditions are not supported by facts.

Already in the 18th century, Patriarch Anthony I publicly burned several copies of The Knight in the Panther's Skin, printed in 1712 by Tsar Vakhtang VI.

Love stories. Middle Ages

Queen Tamar. Fresco from Vardzia Monastery.

When exactly the great queen of Georgia Tamar, whom we usually call Tamara in the Russian manner, was born, is unknown. According to historians, this woman was born around 1165.

The mother of the future queen died early, and the girl was brought up by her aunt Rusudan. She received an excellent education for her time, learned women's wisdom, endurance and patience. When Tamar was not even twenty years old, her father, Tsar George III, foreseeing his imminent death, crowned his only daughter, giving the throne to a woman for the first time in the history of Georgia.

Temple of the Virgin in Betania. From left to right: Lasha-Georgy (son of Tamara), Tamar and her father George III

Tamara and Bogolyubsky (from a painting by M. Zichy)

The wedding took place in 1188, but she did not bring peace to the young woman. For two years, Tamar endured drunkenness and depravity of her husband, who, moreover, often beat his young wife. Finally deciding to divorce Yuri, she forced him to leave Georgia. The offended and angry prince went to Constantinople in order to gather a large army and go to war against his wife. However, the war was lost, and Yuri returned to Rus' in disgrace.

Queen Tamar.

The pearls of her ruddy lips
under the ruby
Even the stone is broken
with a soft lead hammer!
Braids of the regal - agate,
brighter lalov heat lait.
He drinks nectar
who sees the sun.

Shota RUSTAVELI

M. Zichy. Shota Rustaveli presenting his poem "Vephis kaosani" to Queen Tamar

Tamar, it's time to think about the heirs. She decided to marry a man who had been trusted and known since childhood. Her second husband was the brave Ossetian prince Soslani, who adopted the name David in Georgia. Noble and infinitely loving his wife, he brought her long-awaited happiness. A year after the wedding, the queen gave birth to a son, who was named George. A year later, the daughter Rusudan was born.

Shota Rustaveli no longer dreamed of Tamar, he decided to leave Georgia forever. He went to Palestine, where he received tonsure in the monastery of the Holy Cross.

Tamar died on January 18, 1212 from a serious illness. She was buried in the family crypt in Gelati. A few centuries later, the crypt was opened, but the remains of the queen were not found there. According to legend, when the great ruler was living out her last days, she asked to hide her burial place from people. Tamar did not want her tomb to be found and desecrated by the Muslims, who, over the long years of struggle, could not defeat the Georgian queen. Apparently, the ashes of Tamar were secretly taken out of the monastery, and no one knows where he rests now.

Rustaveli's death is also shrouded in legends. It is only known for certain that once the headless body of a Georgian poet was found in a small cell of the monastery. The killer was never found.

Image of Shota Rustaveli on an ancient fresco from Jerusalem

After the death of Tamar, Georgia began to quickly lose its power. The years of prosperity changed the difficult years of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, then Turkey seized power over the country.

Now Tamar is canonized as a saint. There are numerous legends about her. In particular, they say that at night she is sick and treats them from serious illnesses.

Text: Anna Sardaryan

Holy Blessed Queen Tamar. Lithograph 1895

Kharabadze Teimuraz. Queen Tamara

Tamara. Chasing

Vasily Melikishvili. Queen Tamar and King David.

Anchukov Dmitry. Queen Tamara.

Shota Rustaveli wrote this about Tamara:

“... The lion, serving Tamar-Queen, holds her sword and shield.
Well, I, the singer, what deed should she serve?
Braids of the regal - agate, brighter than lalov, the heat of the cheeks.
The one who sees the sun revels in nectar.

Let's sing to Tamar-Queen, revered sacredly!
I once dedicated marvelously composed hymns to her.
I had a reed in pen, an agate lake in ink.
Whoever listened to my creations was struck down by a damask blade…”

Pirosmanashvili Nikolay Aslanovich. Shota Rustaveli and Queen Tamar. 1914-15

Queen Tamar

Vepkhvadze Alexey Ivanovich. Shota Rustaveli reading his poem

Vepkhvadze Ivan Alekseevich. Shota Rustaveli in Vardzia

Monument to Shota Rustaveli in Tashkent

Tamara the Great. Queen of Georgia

Tamara

In the deep gorge of Darial,
Where the Terek digs in the mist,
The old tower stood
Blackening on the black rock.

In that tower high and cramped
Queen Tamara lived:
Beautiful like an angel in heaven
Like a demon, insidious and evil.

And there through the fog of midnight
Glittering golden light
He threw himself into the eyes of the traveler,
He beckoned for a night's rest.

On a soft downy bed
In brocade and pearls removed,
She was waiting for a guest ... Hissed
In front of her are two goblets of wine.

Hot hands intertwined
Lips stuck to lips
And strange, wild sounds
All night long they were heard there.

As if in that empty tower
One hundred ardent youths and wives
Agreed on a night wedding,
For the feast of a big funeral.

But only that morning radiance
Threw its beam over the mountains,
Instantly and darkness and silence
They reigned there again.

Only the Terek in the gorge of the Darial,
Thundering, broke the silence;
Wave upon wave ran,
The wave drove the wave;

And weeping silent body
They hastened to carry away;
In the window then something was white,
It sounded from there: I'm sorry.

And it was such a tender farewell
That voice sounded so sweet
As if the delights of goodbye
And promised caresses of love.

Mikhail Lermontov

Rustaveli Shota Rustaveli (Shota) is the most famous Georgian poet of the 12th century. Biographical information about him is scarce and legendary. His name, Shota, abbreviated from Ashot, is not found in Christian calendars. The nickname "Rustaveli" the poet received at the place of his birth in the village. Rustavi (in the current Akhaltsikhe district of the Tiflis province). He himself says in his poem that he is a "meskh", that is, a resident of the Akhaltsikhe region. R. completed his education in Greece. He was the guardian of Queen Tamara (we have his signature on one act of 1190). It was the time of the political power of Georgia and the flourishing of lyric poetry in the magnificent court of the young queen, with all the signs of medieval knighthood. Familiar with the poems of Homer and the philosophy of Plato, theology, the beginnings of piitika and rhetoric, Persian and Arabic literature, Rustaveli devoted himself entirely to literary activity and wrote the poem "Leopard Skin" (more correctly, "The Man in Leopard Skin"), the beauty and pride of Georgian writing. Hopelessly in love with his mistress, he ended his life in a monastery cell. Timothy, Metropolitan of Georgia in the 18th century, saw in Jerusalem, in the church of St. Cross, built by the Georgian kings, a grave and a portrait of R., in an ascetic's sackcloth. According to one legend, R., in love with the queen, marries, however, some Nina and soon after the wedding receives an order from the “lady of ideal worship” to translate into Georgian the literary gift presented to her by the defeated shah. Brilliantly fulfilling the order, he refuses the reward for his work. A week later, his headless corpse was found. Until now, there are many legends about R. and his relationship with Tamara. The poem "Snow leopard skin" has 1637 stanzas (according to the editorial board of Academician Brosse) with 16 syllables per verse. It has come down to us in numerous manuscripts, with a mass of interpolations and additions, and with a continuation known under the name "Omaniani". The reason for the absence of the oldest copies of the poem, close to the time of its creation, is, in addition to the severe disasters that befell Georgia from foreign hordes, that "Snow leopard skin" was persecuted by the clergy, as a work of a secular nature contrary to Christian humility. Catholicos John, even during the lifetime of the queen who patronized the poet, erected, according to legend, a persecution of R. In the 18th century, Patriarch Anthony I, an enlightened writer, publicly burned several copies of the Leopard Skin, printed in 1712 by Tsar Vakhtang VI. Until now, the question remains unresolved, where R. borrowed the plot of his poem. Three opinions have been expressed in the literature: the first is based on the words of R. himself, who in the 16th stanza of the poem states that "he found the Persian story and put it in verse, like a large pearl passing from hand to hand"; however, the Persian original, despite all the searches, has not yet been found. The second opinion was first expressed by Professor D.I. Chubinov, who proves that R. did not borrow the plot of Leopard Skin from Eastern writers; it was created by him and directed to the glorification of Queen Tamara. The third opinion belongs to A. Khakhanov; comparing R.'s poems with folk songs about Tariel, he suggested that the artificial poem of the 12th century is based on folk poetry, just as Faust and Hamlet go back to medieval folk traditions. R. took advantage of folk tales to portray the great historical era. A comparison of the songs about Tariel circulating among the Georgian people with Rustaveli's poem, where Tariel is the main character, reveals their unconditional similarity in the general plot and in the details. On the other hand, a comparison of Tamara's life with the events described in the poem gives reason to think that under the name of the main character, Nestan-Darejana, Tamara herself is hiding. It can be thought that the poet deliberately transferred the plot of Leopard Skin to an ideal locality - "to India, Arabia, China" - in order to divert the reader from conjectures and hide his love, "for which there is no cure ...". The heroes and heroines of Leopard Skin endure the persecution of an evil fate, but after long wanderings, united by marriage, enjoy happiness. The significance of the poem lies in its artistic processing, psychological analysis and generously scattered wise sayings, which, even after seven hundred years, are pronounced by a Georgian with a feeling of special reverence. R. inspires "to free the slaves", proclaims the equality of the sexes ("the offspring of a lion remains a lion, no matter what gender it may be"), appeals to generous mercy: "what is distributed by you is yours, what is not is lost." He puts personal merit above noble birth, prefers a glorious death to a shameful life, does not tolerate a deceitful person, declaring: "lie and treason are two sisters." Such thoughts made Leopard's Skin an educational book for the people, and a talented technique made it a synonym for sublime and artistic poetry for Georgians. The poem has been translated, partly in its entirety, partly in excerpts, into German (Leist "Der Mann im Tigerfelle", Leipzig, 1880), French ("La peau de leopard", 1885), English, Russian, Polish and Armenian. After 1712, it was printed several times in St. Petersburg and in various cities of Georgia. In 1855, the tragedy "Bars Skin" appeared in Moscow, written in Russian, in verse, by Tsarevich Okropir. R.'s poem in 1890 was translated by K. Meskhi into a drama, which was staged in Tiflis. A poetic Russian translation of an excerpt from Barsovaya Skin, by Bardtinsky, was published in Illustration (No. 6 - 7, for 1845). See Khakhanov "Essays on the History of Georgian Literature" (Issue II, pp. 243 - 298). The best critical article on interpolations belongs to A. S-li; it continues to this day by being printed in the Georgian magazine "Moambe", starting from 1895 (with interruptions). The best edition of the poem, with rich illustrations, appeared in Tiflis in 1889. A. Khakhanov.

Biographical Dictionary. 2000 .

See what "Rustaveli Shota" is in other dictionaries:

Shota Rustaveli შოთა რუსთაველი "Shota Rustaveli", Flerier, Paris, 1852 Date of birth: c. 1172 Date of death: c. 1216 Occupation: Georgian statesman and poet of the XII century ... Wikipedia

- (years of birth and death unknown), Georgian poet of the 12th century, author of the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" (another name is "The Knight in the Panther's Skin"). Little reliable biographical information about R. has been preserved. The main source of information is the prologue of the poem, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Rustaveli, Shota- Shota Rustaveli. RUSTAVELI Shota, Georgian poet of the 12th century. He was the state treasurer of Queen Tamara. The author of the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", included in the treasury of world literature. Anticipated the humanistic ideas of the Early Renaissance. ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (c. 1172 c. 1216) Georgian poet. He served as the state treasurer of Queen Tamara. He was the founder of the new Georgian literary language. Among the works is the poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin. Aphorisms, quotes Everyone imagines himself ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

Georgian poet of the 12th century He was the state treasurer of Queen Tamara. The author of the poem The Knight in the Panther's Skin, included in the treasury of world literature. Anticipated the humanistic ideas of the Early Renaissance. He proclaimed the freedom of the individual, sang ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Georgian poet of the 12th century. He was the state treasurer of Queen Tamara. The author of the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", included in the treasury of world literature. Anticipated the humanistic ideas of the Early Renaissance. He proclaimed the freedom of the individual, sang ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

RUSTAVELI Shota- Georgian poet of the 12th century. There was Mr. Treasurer of Queen Tamara, restored and painted the cargo. monasteries, the Cross in Jerusalem. The poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". First ed. (under the editorship and with comments, Vakhtang VI) was published in 1712. ■ Per. K. D. Balmont (M., ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (real name unknown; year of birth and death unknown) - cargo. 12th century poet Ps. "Rustaveli" indicates the birthplace of the poet - Rustavi. There was Mr. Treasurer of Queen Tamara. The author of the poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin", which entered the treasury of the world literature. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Nicknames

Books

Vephistkaosani. Knight in tiger skin. The True Story, Rustaveli Shota. This edition contains a prose interlinear translation of Sh. Rustaveli's poem "Vepkhistkaosani" ("The Knight in the Panther's Skin"). It is this presentation of the text of the famous, but, in fact, not ...

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