Contains chloroplasts. Algae have different shape and sizes. They live mainly in water to the depths where light penetrates.

Among the algae, there are both microscopically small and giant ones, reaching a length of over 100 m (for example, the length of the brown alga macrocystis pear-shaped is 60-200 m).

Algae cells contain special organelles - chloroplasts, which carry out photosynthesis. At different types they have different shapes and sizes. The mineral salts and carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis are absorbed from the water by the entire surface of the body and excreted into environment oxygen.

Multicellular algae are widespread in freshwater and marine reservoirs. The body of multicellular algae is called the thallus. A distinctive feature of the thallus is the similarity in the structure of cells and the absence of organs. All cells of the thallus are arranged almost the same way, and all parts of the body perform the same functions.

Algae reproduce asexually and sexually.

asexual reproduction

Single-celled algae reproduce, as a rule, by division. Asexual reproduction of algae is also carried out through special cells - spores, covered with a shell. Spores of many species have flagella and are able to move independently.

sexual reproduction

Algae are also characterized by sexual reproduction. In the process of sexual reproduction, two individuals participate, each of which passes on its chromosomes to the offspring. In some species, this transfer is carried out when the contents of ordinary cells merge; in others, special sex cells, gametes, stick together.

Algae live mainly in water, inhabiting numerous marine and freshwater reservoirs, both large and small, temporary, both deep and shallow.

Algae inhabit water bodies only at those depths to which sunlight penetrates. Few species of algae live on rocks, tree bark, and soil. For living in water, algae have a number of adaptations.

Adaptation to the environment

For organisms that live in the oceans, seas, rivers and other bodies of water, water is the habitat. The conditions of this environment are noticeably different from the conditions on the ground. Reservoirs are characterized by a gradual decrease in illumination as they dive to depth, fluctuations in temperature and salinity, low oxygen content in water - 30-35 times less than in air. In addition, the movement of water poses a great danger to seaweed, especially in the coastal (tidal) zone. Here, algae are exposed to such powerful factors as surf and wave impacts, ebb and flow (Fig. 39).

The survival of algae in such harsh conditions of the aquatic environment is possible thanks to special adaptations.

• With a lack of moisture, the shells of algae cells thicken significantly and become saturated with inorganic and organic substances. This protects the body of algae from drying out during low tide.
• The body of seaweed is firmly attached to the ground, therefore, during the surf and wave impacts, they relatively rarely break away from the ground.
• Deep-sea algae have larger chloroplasts with a high content of chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments.
• Some algae have special bubbles filled with air. They, like floats, keep the algae at the surface of the water, where it is possible to capture the maximum amount of light for photosynthesis.
• The release of spores and gametes in algae coincides with the tide. The development of the zygote occurs immediately after its formation, which does not allow the ebb to carry it into the ocean.

Algae representatives

brown algae

Kelp

The seas are inhabited by algae, which have a yellow-brown color. These are brown algae. Their color is due to the high content of special pigments in the cells.

The body of brown algae looks like threads or plates. A typical representative of brown algae is kelp (Fig. 38). It has a lamellar body up to 10-15 m long, which is attached to the substrate with the help of rhizoids. Laminaria reproduces asexually and sexually.

Fucus

Fucus forms dense thickets in shallow water. Its body is more dissected than that of kelp. In the upper part of the thallus there are special air bubbles, thanks to which the body of the fucus is held on the surface of the water.

On this page, material on the topics:

• algae environmental conditions

• what plants are algae examples

• algae habitat and mode of locomotion

• what organisms are classified as algae

• brown voborosli what type of ticket

Questions for this article:

• What organisms are algae?

• It is known that algae inhabit the seas, rivers and lakes only at those depths to which sunlight penetrates. How can this be explained?

• What is common and distinctive in the structure of unicellular and multicellular algae?

• What is the main difference between brown algae and other algae?

• brown algae (Phaeophyta ) - department of algae, characteristic feature which is the multicellular structure and lamellar form of the thallus. This group of algae has a complex structure among other algae. The Brown algae department has about 1.5 thousand species.

  General signs. By the number of cells, brown algae are exclusively multicellular organisms. And in size they range from a few centimeters to tens of meters. The lamellar thallus of brown algae has a complex structure. In some species, groups of cells are arranged in several rows, acquire signs of differences from other cells than become similar to tissues. Cellular covers are represented by two-layer membranes. The outer layer is mucous, since it consists of pectin substances and soluble salts - alginates, and the inner one is made of cellulose. Brown algae have green, brown and yellow pigments, which in combination determine their bright yellow or brown color. The main substances that these plants store are laminarin and oil, which are deposited outside the chloroplasts. Starch is rarely stored. In the Brown algae department, all types of reproduction are found:

  vegetative - with parts of the thallus, asexual - with the help of zoospores and brood buds, and sexual - with the help of gametes, which are formed in gametangia organs. Brown algae are characterized by a clear alternation of generations that reproduce sexually and asexually.

  distribution and diversity. Brown algae are exclusively marine plants. large sizes, they can be found in all the seas of the Earth. Adapted to life at medium depths - 20-30 m, where they absorb green and blue rays of light. But brown algae are more common in rocky coastal areas in the seas of temperate and cold regions of the globe. In these places, algae experience strong mechanical shocks during the surf, but the waves do not damage them, because the cells of the thallus are covered with a protective layer of mucus. Near the top in many types of brown algae are air bubbles that keep them afloat. Due to the surf and currents in the places of their existence, there is a constant supply of nutrients, so they have a branched thallus, which often reaches large sizes. All brown algae, with the exception of some types of Sargasso algae, lead an attached lifestyle. They have rhizoids or soles as organs of attachment.

  The most famous brown algae is kelp, fucus, macrocystis, sargassum, pelvetia, lesonia. Genus Kelp, or seaweed, unites perennial plants that are found in almost all seas of the Northern Hemisphere. The thallus of these algae can reach a length of up to 20 m and consists of a plate and a rhizoid, which attach the algae to the underwater rocky bottom. The greatest industrial importance is sugar kelp, northern kelp, Japanese kelp, etc.

  Fucus- a genus of brown perennial algae. In the cold northern seas, the bottom, which is exposed at low tide, is often covered with a continuous carpet of these algae. Their Talom reach 30-100 cm in height, have a disc-shaped sole and branched plates, expand to the top. At the ends of these plates are air bubbles, thanks to which the algae keeps its elongated body in a vertical position in the water. sargassum- These are brown algae, the body of which is like bushes dotted with air bubbles, allowing these organisms to stay on the surface of the water.

  The name Sargassum gave its name to the Sargasso Sea, located east of Florida and south of Bermuda, between 25° and 35° degrees north latitude and between 30° and 70° west longitude. This sea has no shores, their role is played by large ocean currents.

  value in nature. Brown algae create organic matter in the coastal zone, are used as food by animals of the seas of temperate and subpolar latitudes. There, their number can reach tens of kilograms per 1 m2. Extinct brown algae form algal coal. Brown algae form underwater thickets along the coast, which can be equated in length and density to terrestrial forests. A large number of different marine animals (fish, mollusks, crustaceans) are found in these places both prey and a hiding place. In the process of photosynthesis, brown algae enrich the reservoir with oxygen.

  Significance for a person. Brown algae are harvested by humans for human consumption, raw and cooked. For example, kelp is a well-known edible algae, which is now grown in many countries on special marine farms. It contains many nutrients, vitamins and mineral compounds. A large amount of brown algae is collected and used as a potash fertilizer. In medicine, iodine, bromine, blood substitutes, and the like are extracted from brown algae. Brown algae are the main source of alginates - alginic acid compounds. They are used in the food industry to improve the quality of ice cream, fruit juices, and in the pulp and paper industry for paper sizing. In medicine, soluble surgical threads are made from them, and in the chemical industry, dyes for color printing. In the textile industry, dyeing with such dyes makes natural fabrics waterproof and non-flammable. Brown algae are capable of accumulating mineral salts in their cells 500-1000 times more than their concentration in water. Modern scientists use a method that allows them to look for marine deposits of non-ferrous metals at the place of accumulation of brown algae. So, it turned out that algae that grow on gold-bearing rocks containing precious metal is 6-7 times more than the rock itself.

  So, the most common features of brown algae are bagatoclitinnist, the brown color of the thallus, due to the presence of a large number of yellow and brown pigments, and a clear alternation of sexual and asexual generations.

• 4. Green algae. Variety of types of thalli, methods of reproduction, main representatives, distribution and significance.
• 5. Class Conjugates, or couplers. General characteristics. Zignemov order. Desmidian order.
• 6. Charovye class. General characteristics.
• 7. Class golden algae. Structure, reproduction, orders, main representatives, distribution, meaning
• 8. Diatoms. Features of the structure of the cell, reproduction, distribution, significance. Main Representatives
• 9. Yellow green algae. General characteristics. Orders.
• 10. Brown algae. Structure, reproduction, classes, main representatives, distribution, meaning
• 11. Dinophyte algae. General characteristics.
• 12. Euglena algae. General characteristics.
• 13. Red algae. Building, reproduction. Classes, main representatives. Distribution, meaning
• 14. The value of algae in nature and human life.
• 15. Mushrooms. General characteristics. Mushroom thallus. Sections of mushrooms. lifestyle and distribution.
• 17. Chytrid fungi. Structural features, methods of reproduction, methods of nutrition, basic orders and most important representatives, distribution, significance
• 18. Zygomycetes. Structural features, methods of reproduction, methods of nutrition, basic orders and most important representatives, distribution, significance
• 19. Marsupials. Structural features, methods of reproduction, methods of nutrition, basic orders and most important representatives, distribution, significance
• 20. Basidiomycetes. Features of the structure, reproduction, methods of nutrition, basic orders and the most important representatives. Distribution and significance
• 21. Lichens. Features of the structure, reproduction, lifestyle, the most important representatives. Distribution and significance.
• 22. Slime molds. Features of the structure, reproduction, lifestyle, the most important representatives. Distribution and significance.

9. Yellow green algae. general characteristics. Orders.

Yellow-green algae can have unicellular flagella, coccoid, filamentous and siphon forms. Chloroplasts are disc-shaped. Contain pigments chlorophyll a and c, carotenoids. Spare substances - glucan, fats. They reproduce by cell division or sexually (isogamy, oogamy).

Main representatives: rhizochloris (Rhizochloris), chlorothecium (Chlorothetium), tribonema (Tribonema), botridium (Botrydium).

10. Brown algae. Structure, reproduction, classes, main representatives, distribution, meaning

The department of brown algae (about 1500 species) includes numerous macroscopic algae, a common external feature of which is the yellowish-brown color of their thalli, due to the presence of yellow and brown pigments. Mostly disc-shaped chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and c, carotenes and xanthophylls. Pyrenoids are very small. Spare nutrients- laminarin, mannitol (sugar alcohol), in small quantities - fat. In addition to the usual organelles, cells contain physodes, structures containing tannins. Cell membranes are mucilaginous on the outside - pectin, the inner layer is cellulose.

The type of structure of the thallus of brown algae is predominantly lamellar, often very complexly organized, rarely multifilamentous. The overwhelming majority of representatives of this group are marine forms.

Thallus of brown algae range in size from several tens of micrometers to tens of meters (macrocystis - up to 50 m). In highly organized forms, the thalli are differentiated and resemble flowering plants. Some large representatives have air bubbles. All brown algae grow attached to the ground or other algae. For attachment, they form rhizoids or a basal disc. On the cross section of large thalli of brown algae, there are zones occupied by cells of different structures, specialized for performing individual functions.

Cells are mononuclear, covered with thick membranes with large pores. The shell consists of an inner cellulose and an outer layer, which is based on proteins combined with alginic acid and its salts. Alguloza. Fizody. Chloroplasts are usually small discoid, less often - ribbon-like and lamellar. A number of taxa have a pyrenoid in their chloroplasts. In chloroplasts, thylakoids are grouped into lamellae by 3. Pigments: chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids. Reserve nutrients in cells outside chloroplasts are laminarin (polysaccharide) and mannitol (hexahydric alcohol), in small amounts lipids.

Reproduction. At B.V. all the main types of reproduction are found - vegetative, asexual and sexual. Vegetative reproduction occurs when the branches are accidentally separated from the thallus; these branches do not form attachment organs and do not form organs of asexual and sexual reproduction. Reproductive organs are formed on them if their development has already begun by the time the thallus leaves the ground. Asexual reproduction is carried out by zoospores by zoospores (there are species that reproduce by mono- or tetraspores). The structure of zoospores. Pear-shaped zoospores have two unequal flagella on the side: the anterior is long, the posterior is short. The formation of zoospores and gametes in brown algae occurs in receptacles of two main types: single-nested and multi-nested. Meiosis occurs during the formation of spores in unilocular sporangia. The sexual process is isogamous, heterogamous and oogamous. All brown algae, with the exception of fucus, have alternating generations; on the asexual generation (sporophyte), zoospores (or tetraspores) are formed in zoosporangia (or tetrasporangia) after reduction division; from them grow haploid sexual plants (gametophytes) dioecious or bisexual. After fertilization, the zygote develops without a dormant period into a new asexual diploid plant (sporophyte). In fucus, the entire life of the algae occurs in the diploid phase, only spermatozoa and eggs are haploid, before the formation of which a reduction division occurs.

Depending on the nature of the alternation of generations and the change of nuclear phases, brown algae are divided into 3 classes.

Class Isogenerate (Isogeneratae)

In most algae of this class, the sporophyte and gametophyte are the same in shape and size or do not differ very sharply in size. The sexual process is iso-, hetero-, or oogamous. Representatives of the genus Ectocarpus (Ectocarpus) are widespread in the seas; especially a lot of them in the cold seas. They grow in the littoral and sublittoral. Participate in the fouling of ships, buoys. They look like small bushes or turfs, consisting of abundantly branching single-row threads, often ending in colorless multicellular hairs. Filament growth is intercalary. On the side, unicellular zoosporangia are formed on the branches. They undergo reduction division and a number of divisions of the cell nucleus and form

many zoospores that emerge from the zoosporangium, after swimming for a short time, germinate into a similar in appearance, but haploid plant. On it, on short lateral branches, multicellular gametangia are formed, in which gametes that are identical in shape and size, but differ in behavior (+ and -) develop. The zygote without a dormant period germinates into a new diploid filament with a zoosporangium. The ectocarpus is characterized by an isomorphic alternation of generations. The sexual process is isogamy.

Cutleria (Cutleria)- distributed along the European coast of the Atlantic Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea. It has the form of dichotonically branched multilayer ribbons up to 20 cm long, ending in hairs. Outwardly, cutleriaceae differ from other algae in the presence of a fringe of delicate hairs at the top or along the edge of the thallus. At the base of the hairs, on some specimens, large-celled macrogametangia develop, giving biflagellate macrogametes, on other specimens, small-celled microgametangia develop, giving microgametes. After fertilization, the zygote without a dormant period develops into a new diploid plant - a sporophyte, which has the form of a multilayered plate or crust tightly pressed to the substrate. It is so unlike the gametophyte that it has been described under the new generic name Aglaozonia. On its upper side, unicellular zoosporangia develop, in which zoospores are formed after reduction division. Zoospores germinate into a ribbon-like bushy gametophyte. The genus cutlyaria is the most famous. She serves as an example of a heteromorphic change of generation, her sexual process is heterogamy.

Dictyota (Dictyota) It grows mainly in tropical and subtropical seas, and is also found in the Black Sea. It is characterized by a forked-branched thallus with branches located in the same plane. The height of the plant is about 20 cm, the width of the branches is 4-8 mm. The dictyota has an isomorphic alternation of generations. On the sporophyte, large spherical tetrasporangia develop from surface cells, in which, after reduction division, 4 haploid immobile naked tetraspores are formed. Tetraspores develop male (with numerous antheridia, producing up to 30,000 spermatozoa) and female (with oogonia producing one egg each) gametophytes. Mature eggs are shed from the oogonia. After fertilization, the zygote develops into a new sporophyte. Dictyota is an example of the development of an alga with an isomorphic change of generations, in which the sexual process is oogamy.

Class Heterogenerate (Heterogeneratae)

In the development cycle of algae of this class, a macroscopic (in many, powerfully developed) sporophyte and a microscopic small gametophyte alternate, which is often called an outgrowth by analogy with ferns. The sexual process is isogamous or oogamous. Sporophytes of different genera differ sharply and represent the largest lower plants reaching a length of 60-100 m with significant morphological dissection and complex anatomical structure. Sporophytes are divided into a leaf blade, petiole and rhizoids or basal disc. At the point where the lamina passes into the petiole, there is an intercalary meristem. The sporophyte is perennial, except for the plate, which dies off every year and is replaced by a new one. In the meristoderm of the plate, before its destruction, unicellular zoosporangia are formed. In each zoosporangium, after a preliminary reduction division, from 16 to 64 (sometimes 128) zoospores are formed. On one copy of the algae, billions of zoospores are formed. After a short period of movement, the zoospores germinate into microscopically small filamentous male and female gametophytes (growths). Antheridia produce one sperm each, while oogonia produce one egg each. After fertilization, a new powerful sporophyte gradually develops from the zygote.

Thus, heteromorphic alternation of generations is typical for heterogenarate algae. The sexual process is oogamy.

Laminaria (Laminaria), species of the genus are widespread in the northern seas. The thallus is divided into a leaf blade, trunk and rhizoids. It occurs vertically from the sea surface to a depth of 200 m.

Macrocystis (Macrocystis), growing at a depth of 10-20 m, has a trunk repeatedly branched up to 50-60 m long. Before each plate, the branch is usually expanded into a pear-shaped air bladder. Thanks to air bubbles and long branches, the main part of the macrocystis thallus floats near the surface of the sea. It is mined all over the world and processed to produce alginates and other chemical products.

Nereocystis (Nereocystis) It is represented by a long trunk (petiole) up to 15-25 m, which gradually expands upwards, carries a bubble at the end with a diameter of 12-20 cm, from which narrow plates extend (up to 9 m).

There are 24-40 such plates in total. Nereocystis grows at a depth of up to 20 m, while the upper part of the trunk with a bubble floats near the surface.

The life cycles of the above representatives are similar. Zoosporangia are formed on leaf blades.

Class Cyclosporaceae (Cyclosporeae)

This class includes brown algae that do not have alternation of generations, but only a change in nuclear phases: the entire alga is diploid, only gametes are haploid. There is no asexual reproduction. The class contains only one order - fucus (Fucales).

Fucuses have leathery, olive or yellow-brown, dichotonically branched belt-like thalli 0.5-1 m long, 1-5 cm wide; some have swellings filled with air. Apical growth.

By the time of sexual reproduction, bean-shaped yellowish swellings are formed at the ends of the branches - receptacles on which the genitals are located. Gametophytes develop on receptacles in the form of a layer lining depressions (conceptacles or scaphidia). Gametangia form in depressions in a layer of cells that arises from a single cell, called the initial cell of the conceptacula or prospore. The lining layer of the conceptacle that develops from the prospore is the gametophyte. Fucus gametophytes form vertical branched and simple single-nuclear multicellular filaments, some of them bear gametangia, and the rest serve as paraphyses.

Fucus oogonia sit directly on the surface of the gametophyte. Antheridia are formed at the ends of branched branches. Developing oogonia (8 eggs) and antheridia (64 spermatozoa) ooze out with mucus

nodding outward from the concentracula, here germ cells are released from them. Fertilization takes place in the surrounding water. A fertilized egg without a dormant period germinates into a new plant.

Genus Fucus (Fucus) distributed in the northern seas, it is the main inhabitant of the coastal zone.

Sargassum (Sargassum) - “leaves” are lamellar or subulate. The trunk is short, long branches bearing receptacles depart from its upper part, these branches die off annually. Representatives are distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical seas. Sargassum is used to obtain alginates, some species with non-rigid leaves are used for food. In the Sargasso Sea, on an area of ​​4.4 million square meters. km, two species of Sargassum swim, which reproduce vegetatively and do not have attachment organs.

Isomorphic or heteromorphic variants of the haploid-diploid life cycle or isomorphic and heteromorphic change of generations. Life cycles of the genera Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus, conceptacles, receptacles or scaphidia.

Distribution and ecology of B.V. Almost exclusively marine plants. They are distributed everywhere from the Arctic to the Antarctic. But the largest species grow mainly in temperate and subpolar latitudes. Representatives of the department grow mainly in shallow water, prevailing on rocky coastal substrates in cold regions of the globe. but they are also found at depths up to 200 m. Species with air bubbles, when separated from the ground, become free-floating and sometimes (for example, in the Sargasso Sea) form large accumulations on the surface of the water. The most powerful thickets of B.V. form in waters rich in nutrients. Many large algae are widely used for livestock feed and for field fertilization (rich in potassium). Some types of kelp are used for food, in addition to food, they also have a dietary value, because. rich in iodine and useful in atherosclerosis. Previously, iodine was extracted from kelp. Significant amounts of brown algae are used to obtain algin, which has a high adhesive capacity and is used in the production of paper, cardboard, and printing inks. Algae are harvested by special reaping machines, and also washed ashore are used.

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The underwater world of the seas and oceans has always been of interest to people. After all, it is very useful and curious to know what species of plants and animals it is represented by? Therefore, for many decades, various scientists have been conducting thorough research in this area. A huge amount of various information has accumulated, a person has learned to use almost all known types of marine plants and animals for their needs.

One of such useful and significant in economic activity human representatives have become brown algae. Let's talk about them in more detail.

The systematic position of brown algae

Class Brown algae occupies a fairly voluminous part of the entire flora of the seas. To date, there are about one and a half thousand species of representatives, united in 250 genera. All of them are multicellular, and most often quite impressive in size.

The general plan of the systematic position occupied by brown algae can be represented as follows:

• Empire - Cellular.
• Kingdom - Eukaryotes.
• Kingdom - Plants.
• Subkingdom - Algae or Lower Plants.
• Department - Ochrophyte algae.
• Class - Brown algae.

Among brown algae, there are plants of both small sizes and real giants. Consider what features they have in the structure of the body and who belongs to them.



General plan of the building

The structure of brown algae is not much different from that of their other relatives. The body is represented by a thallus or thallus, not differentiated into parts, has no leaves and roots. The organs of attachment to the substrate are special outgrowths resembling small tentacle roots called rhizoids.

The vast majority of species spend most of their lives attached to the substrate. However, there are also free-floating representatives on the surface. A feature of the thallus can be called well-defined large leaf plates. Sometimes they have very strong cuts, which makes the structure of brown algae look like threads. Therefore, often some representatives are called so - filamentous.

AT chemical composition The cells of these plants include special substances-pigments contained in chloroplasts. It:

• fucoxanthin;
• chlorophyll;
• xanthophyll.

They are designed to absorb individual spectra of solar radiation, which are able to penetrate to great depths in the sea. Also, the pigments of these species give the corresponding brown color. It is thanks to this that these algae can live at a depth of up to 200 m, although they still prefer coastal zones and a depth of at least 15 m.

The cell walls contain a special acid - alginic, which is one of the reasons for the extraction of these algae by humans. Among brown algae, there are plants on which special lumps filled with air are formed. This is necessary in order to stay afloat at the surface of the water, and also so that germ cells can freely develop inside for reproduction.



The process of leaving offspring is of three types:

1. Asexual, by means of spores.
2. Sexual, with the participation of gametes.
3. Vegetative, body parts.

Another interesting substance, which is part of the thallus of brown algae, is fucoidan. This is a polysaccharide of complex structure, which has a wide range of therapeutic effects (antitumor agent, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immunomodulatory). This is another reason for the extraction of brown algae by people.

Places of distribution

Brown algae are species that prefer the seas. However, representatives of four genera prefer to live in fresh water - Heribaudiella, Pleurocladia, Bodanella and Sphacelaria.

These plants are found everywhere in all the seas of the globe, but their maximum concentration occurs in water bodies of temperate latitudes, as well as in the Arctic zones. Individual representatives form a significant part of the solonchak flora.

It should be noted that brown algae include giants who have chosen the Atlantic Ocean for their habitat. They formed a whole sea there, named Sargasso in their honor. it

That is, climatic conditions are not so important for the life of such plants, which is why their distribution is so widespread and massive.



Representatives of the class: macrocystis

Brown algae include macrostructures, most a prime example which are macrocystis. This is one of the largest and most massive representatives of these plants. The length of the thallus reaches 60 m, and the weight of the culture is equal to 150 kg.

They are distributed mainly in the waters of the temperate zone. The structural features include wide leaf-shaped thalli and balloons on them, which serve as a float to hold it near the surface. Rhizoids are also found on the thallus; these plants attach themselves to rocky and stony substrates at a depth of about 25 m.

The composition of thallus cells includes many substances that are useful and important for humans, which they widely use when extracting macrocystis. What are these substances?

1. Polysaccharides and amino acids - are used in the cosmetic industry to add to creams, tonics, lotions and so on.
2. Iodine, silicon, phosphorus and other elements.
3. - used in the chemical industry to produce artificial fibers and fabrics.

The algae itself systematically belongs to the genus Laminariaceae.



Analipus japonica

A plant that is part of the Chordarium brown algae family. Representatives of this taxon have a vertical thallus of not too high size. So, analipus reaches 30 cm in length. At the same time, lateral branches depart from the main axis, but, as a rule, they do not branch further.

Rhizoids are removed in the sole, with the help of which the plant is attached to stones in the coastal zones of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent territories. A common view for Sakhalin, Kamchatka, the Sea of ​​Japan and the shores of the Kuril Islands.

The thallus of this algae is multilocular and develops throughout life. In habitats with strong surfs, the algae takes the form of a plant pressed to the bottom, more like a crust.

Kelp

Also important is the brown alga kelp, a representative of the genus of the same name. It consists of numerous species, the main of which is Japanese Laminaria or This plant is common in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and is of great value to humans.

The structure of the body is represented by a long, up to 12 m thallus, which looks like a wide brown ribbon. The rhizoids at the bottom of the thallus serve to attach themselves to stony and rocky substrates.

Why is laminaria useful to people?

1. Methionine is an amino acid, according to which this plant is a champion even among terrestrial vegetables.
2. Minerals, iodine, trace elements are present in large quantities in kelp cells.
3. Carbohydrates give this plant a high nutritional value.

Thanks to this composition, kelp is used for animal feed, is used as a valuable product for people, and is known for its properties in cosmetology and dietology.



Fucuses

Medically very valuable and the following representatives are fucus (fucuses). Their other name, which they received for interesting structure thallus. It is very clawed and dissected and resembles the clusters of this fruit. These plants are a storehouse of all possible nutrients and important substances that brown algae generally contain. Representatives number about 19 taxa.

Outwardly, the thallus is low, olive in color, quite massive, dense. Plant habitats: almost all seas and oceans, especially

Substances included in the composition and having value:

• about 42 chemical elements;
• amino acids and fatty acids;
• vitamins from group A to PP;
• fucoidan.

sargassums

Brown algae also include plants such as sargassum. The thallus reaches a length of up to 10 m; a feature is the ability to form air bumps and bubbles on the tops. Due to this, plants form whole thickets near the surface of the water (in the part of the Atlantic Ocean, they attach to rocky bottom surfaces.



The main areas of application of these species are human food (Asian countries), animal feed, and the extraction of medicinal substances. Habitat: tropical zones.

padins

Very interesting brown algae, the color of which is far from the name of the class. They are more reminiscent of porcini mushrooms with their beautiful fan-shaped small thallus. This plant is very thermophilic, therefore it is common in tropical zones and off the coast of America. It is mainly used in medicine and cosmetology.

Brown algae offer incredible health benefits. Read on to find out their benefits.

Why brown algae is good for you

Brown seaweed, known as Fucus vesiculosus or kelp, is a sea vegetable that is popular in many cuisines. Limited evidence supports many of the claims of its medicinal benefits, but some research suggests that it may have medical benefits.

What is brown algae?

Brown algae are algae that grow in cool oceans around the world. You may have seen spots of its slimy green-brown branches washed up on the beach.

Brown seaweed is a common ingredient in many Asian cuisines. People eat them raw, boiled or pickled. Whether raw or pickled, it has a distinct crunch. Its texture is softer when cooked. Chefs serve kelp in Korean soup. You can also include it in regular miso soup or seaweed salad. Its texture and taste can make softer foods more interesting.

What are the nutritional benefits of brown algae?

Brown algae have nutrients. It is an excellent source of iodine, it is an essential mineral for normal function. thyroid gland. It also provides:

• iron
• magnesium
• vitamin B-2, or riboflavin
• B-9, also known as folic acid
• fibers

There is a wide variety nutritious foods such as brown algae. They can help you get the vitamins and minerals your body needs. The fiber in kelp may also promote health digestive tract protecting against constipation.

What are the medical claims for brown algae?

Some people claim that kelp is a cure for many conditions. One of the claims is that it can detoxify your body from radiation. Some people also speculate that this may lead to cancerous tumor to self-destruction. No scientific evidence supports either of these claims.

Brown algae contain some substances that may help treat certain conditions, including certain types of cancer and obesity.

Crayfish

Brown algae contain an element called fucoidan, which researchers have isolated and tested for its effect on cancer. Fucoidan has shown promise in eradicating or slowing the spread of colorectal and breast cancer, according to the study.

Weight loss

Brown algae also contains fucoxanthin, which is the pigment responsible for its color. A study published in the journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism suggests that the combination of fucoxanthin oil and pomegranate seed may also help reduce liver fat in obese women. It is important to note that study participants took nutritional supplements containing high doses of fucoxanthin, which you would get from eating seaweed directly. Maybe you have too much brown algae?

The biggest danger of overeating kelp is too much iodine intake. While iodine is essential for healthy thyroid function, consuming too much can cause hyperthyroidism. Symptoms of this condition include:

• fast heartbeat
• nervousness
• sudden weight loss

Like everything that lives in the sea, brown algae can also absorb and contain pollutants such as arsenic and cadmium. These elements can damage your liver and pancreas.

Eat kelp in moderation to reduce the risk of these problems. Enjoy it as part of a varied and balanced diet.

Brown algae is a nutritious vegetable. It's rich